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I found some questions about this but it's usually about the mess cats make when they are digging inside.
My cat will be outside of the litter, not when she's doing her business and she will start digging the litter out of the box, with her front paws. She will get as much litter as she can get. Sometimes, she drags out things other than her poo (very rarely)
She's an only cat and I think she's happy and very stable other than this one behaviour
From your description, I suspect you're using one of those litter trays with sides that are only a couple of inches high. (Otherwise it would be difficult for her drag litter out while being outside the box.) I would use those only for kittens, or for a cat that is injured or ill. If that's what you're using, I recommend you get a litter box where the sides are more like 6-9" tall. It doesn't have to be one of those fancy covered litter boxes -- in fact I prefer not to have it covered so that I'll see immediately if it needs scooping. But it should have enough room so that your cat can use one end for peeing and the other end for pooping, while the middle part that she stands on stays clean. I often use rectangular tubs from the hardware store.
Make sure the litter box is in a low-traffic place. Your cat may decide to use both ends of the box for peeing and pooping, but many of my cats have preferred to "specialise". The high sides of the box will make it difficult for her to stand outside the box and scoop litter, and it will also add to her feeling of privacy. She may stand outside the box and scrape at the sides. This is common in cats. I think it's sort of an "I need to cover my waste" instinct on overdrive, but it doesn't do any harm.
In general, litter box behaviour problems generally occur because the box isn't big enough, private enough, clean enough, or the cat finds the litter uncomfortable to stand on.
EDIT: OK, I see from your picture that my first theory was wrong, and that your cat is very determined. I have a couple more suggestions:
Perhaps someone else will have a another suggestion that you can try first.
I have two kittens who are 3 and 4 months old respectively. The younger one, Salem, LIVES to see me sweep the litter up. I caught him in the act of trying to scoop the litter out of the box and onto the floor, and I am CERTAIN it's so that he could see me use the dustpan. They both come running and watch me clean the litter box and swat at the broom as I sweep up the litter. Does your cat pay attention to you cleaning the litter up? If so, he might be doing it just to see you clean it. When I realized what he was doing I kept an eye on Salem so that whenever he positioned himself to scoop the litter out the box, I'd scold him, or distract him with a toy, and he'd stop. He doesn't do it anymore, though they both make a mess of the litter enough as is, so they still get to see me sweep the litter up.
Not sure if this applies in your case, but maybe this helps.
One of our cats has a habit of peeing very close to the walls of the litter box, sometimes close enough that she can't sit down properly.
If she manages to get urine on the walls while doing this, she'll typically get out of the box and frantically dig from the outside, trying to cover the urine stains with litter. Of course this usually ends in a huge mess outside the box until she's satisfied that enough litter has stuck to the urine stain.
I've observed this a few times, and it is clear that she's trying to cover up the smell, as she'll repeatedly smell the stained area while doing so.
So making a mess outside might not be the intention, but an unfortunate consequence.
