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I love cats, I also work a full time job and am in the office from 11 AM till 9 PM.
I would like to get a cat, but am afraid that my absence for majority of the daytime will be a problem.
Are there problems that arise from being away from home for 10 or so hours a day when having a cat as a pet? Is there anything I can do to minimize the problems, or is it just better if I didn't get a cat for a pet?
The short answer: "Yes"
The longer version: cats are generally pretty independent creatures, but they do miss their humans especially if we're not at home during the day. If you have just one cat, be prepared to be met with demands for attention, playing, and a great deal of petting when you are home. This will be strongest after you get the cat, because it won't be sure that you're coming back until gets used to your work routine.
Some of the things you can do to help are:
Know that it will likely take time for the cat to adjust to whatever your routine is. I know that when I shifted from being home a lot to working/being on campus for school more, my cat took some time to adjust. He meowed more and worked harder to get my attention when I was home, until we both got used to the new schedule. Some cats might express this by other unpleasant behaviours - I had a cat growing up that, after my family came home from a week of camping (where a neighbour would stop in and care for the cats), would express his displeasure at us being gone by pooping on the first bed he could find once he saw we were home.
Right now, I am unemployed, so I am home all the time, but there have been many days in the past where my cat was home alone from 9 am until 10 pm, or even overnight.
To make sure my cat doesn't get bored or lonely, I first make sure he will have enough to eat and drink while I am gone. Then I try to find ways to make home more exciting. For my cat, he likes hunting, so I hide treats in things all over the house (in bags or boxes, in toys he can get them out of, in windowsills, etc.). I also make sure he has lots of other things to play with.
He also has a number of things he can scratch on, like his climbing tree, and a few cardboard scratching things around the house. Also, I have sometimes suspended a hanging toy from a doorframe - high enough he can reach it, but not low enough he can get tangled in it. (Might just be a personal worry, though.)
Having another cat in the house is sometimes helpful, but I know that can also add cost and such, so it might not be viable. I have also seen houses where they get two cats for that reason, and then the cats fight so much they have to separate them, so it is something you want to be careful of. Getting cats that are from the same litter or who have grown up together might make that easier.
Some cats adjust well to the situation, and might not even seem to notice or care that you are gone. Mine seems to, because he knows if I come home after being gone all day, he usually gets treats, so he has associated the door opening and my footsteps with that. So he comes for the treats, at least. No idea if he misses me, or just likes the treat part.
